Indexes/Moran, Distilling Knowledge (2005)
Indexes/Moran, Distilling Knowledge (2005)
Abbri, Ferdinando, 185
Abrahams, Harold, 13
Academics, 6, 9, 55, 71–72, 84–86, 157, 189; University of Leipzig, 73; University of Paris, 84, 86, 87–89; University of Montpellier, 86, 107; University of Louvain, 91; and chemistry, 104–114, 115, 119, 127– 128, 144, 186; University of Jena, 106, 127, 158; University of Valencia, 107; University of Wittenberg, 107; University of Marburg, 107–111; University of Leyden, 112, 113–115, 116–117; University of Utrecht, 127– 131; University of Halle, 158
Acids, 93, 115, 116–117; acid-alkali theory of matter, 120, 122, 124–126, 135
Adam, fall of, 77, 84
Agricola, Georgius: Concerning Things of Metal (De re metallica), 44–46
Agricola, Johann, 50–51, 53
Air: as element, 25–26, 72, 85, 117, 121– 122, 143, 145; Lavoisier on, 43, 184; van Helmont on, 92–93
Air pumps, 132
Albert the Great, 13
Alchemy: science compared to, 1–2, 4–6, 9, 34–36, 42, 69–70, 72, 99–103, 127, 137, 143, 145–146, 147–148, 150– 151, 157–158, 184–189; modern attitudes toward, 5–6, 9–10; and reason, 5–6, 25; definitions of, 20, 49–50, 119–120, 122, 126–127, 128; relationship to chemistry, 23–24, 99– 103, 105, 113–115, 116, 119–121, 126–127, 142, 143, 145–146, 147–148, 150–151, 180–181, 184–185, 189; attitudes of rulers toward, 31–32, 33–34, 58–59, 103–104, 152; Church attitudes toward, 32–33; personal transformation in, 67–68, 69. See also Distillation; Transmutation
Alcohol: as fifth essence, 12–13, 18, 21
Alderotti, Thaddeaus, 13
Alembics, 15
Alkahest, 93, 140
Alkalis, 93, 115, 116–117, 123, 129; acidalkali theory of matter, 120, 122, 124–126, 135
Alloys, 8, 186; of gold, 31–32, 38
Alum, 46
Amber, 65
Anderson, Robert, 15
Animism, 155–156, 178
Anthony, Francis, 111
Antimony: fifth essence of, 15, 18; antimony sulphide, 65; as medicinal, 85, 86
Aqua fortis. See Nitric acid
Aqua regia, 18; and gold, 37, 178, 179–180
Aqua vitae. See Elixir of life
Archimedes, 175
Aristotle, 29, 92, 104, 105, 107, 134, 178, 185; on four elements, 25–26, 72, 117, 121–122, 143, 145; vs. Paracelsus, 80, 81, 82; on artifacts, 151
Arnold of Villanova, 24–25, 49, 55, 61
Artisans, 9, 57, 59, 126; practices of, 6, 40, 42, 46, 55, 66, 70, 102, 114, 189; literacy among, 44, 47–48, 49
Assaying techniques, 8, 45
Astronomy, 79, 106
Attraction, 170–180; between gold and aqua regia, 37, 178, 179–180; sympathetic attractions, 90, 109; Newton on, 161, 167–168, 170–171, 172–173, 175, 176, 178, 180, 181; Freind on, 173–175; Sénac on, 178, 179; Boerhaave on, 178–180
Augustine, St., 56
Avicenna, 24, 55; On the Hindering of the Accident of Old Age, 22; On the Soul in the Art of Alchemy, 22
Bacon, Francis: on knowledge, 66, 133, 134–135, 188; on experiments, 131, 133, 137, 147–148, 151; Novum Organum, 133; on mathematics, 188
Bacon, Roger, 11, 15, 21–24, 49; on blood, 22; on efficient causality, 23
Baglivi, Georgio, 162
Baillif, Roch le, 86
Barchusen, Conrad, 128–131; on transmutation, 128–129; Pyrosophia, 128– 131; on active vs. passive instruments, 130–131, 132
Becher, Johann Joachim, 148–150, 166; on basic elements of matter, 148–149, 152; on laboratories, 149; Physica subterranea, 149–150; and Stahl, 152, 153, 154, 155
Bechium, Philippus: Twelve Books on Mining, 45
Beguin, Jean, 118, 121, 127; Apprenticeship in Chemistry (Tyrocinium chymicum), 112–114
Bellini, Lorenzo, 162
Benedictine Brandy, 13
Benzenhöfer, Udo, 17
Beretta, Marco, 45
Biringuccio, Vanoccio: Concerning the Making of Things by Fire, 39–40, 42–44, 46
Blas, 92, 93
Blood, human, 130; Roger Bacon on, 22; circulation of, 95, 98, 99, 163
Boas, Johannes, 117, 120, 137
Bodenstein, Adam von, 103
Body, human: digestion, 74–75, 78, 116, 118, 139, 163; organs of, 74–76, 77, 78, 118, 139, 141, 156, 161–162, 165; pregnancy, 96–97, 156; and mechanical philosophy, 97–98, 160–163; acids and alkalis in, 115, 116–117, 120; Boyle on, 160–161; Hoffman on, 160–161
Boerhaave, Hermann, 112, 113–115, 116; on acids and alkalis, 125–126; Elements of Chemistry, 125–126; A Short Recapitulation of Acid and Alkali, 125–126; on attraction, 178–180; on gold, 180–181
Bohn, Johannes: Chemical-Physical Dissertations, 115, 126–127; on acids and alkalis, 124–125
Bollas, Christopher, 7
Bono, James, 81
Bonus, Petrus: The Precious Pearl, 34–35
Book of Enoch, 60
Book of Household Medicines, 46–47
Book of the Sacred Trinity, The, 33
Books of secrets, 48, 57–65
Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 162 Böttger, Johann Friedrich, 148
Boyle, Katherine, 137
Boyle, Robert, 5, 36, 94, 115, 137–148, 158, 169, 188, 189; on effervescence, 124; on acids and alkalis, 124, 125; experimentalism of, 132–133, 137, 139, 144, 147–148; on mechanical philosophy, 137, 138–139, 156, 160– 161, 171; Christian Virtuoso, 138; on reason, 138; on God, 138–139, 144, 147, 156, 161; Some Considerations Touching the Usefullness of Experimental Natural Philosophy, 139–140; and Paracelsus, 139–140, 143, 145; and van Helmont, 139–141, 147; on the Alkahest, 140; Sceptical Chemist, 140–141, 142–145; on corpuscular theory of matter, 141, 144–146; on elements/principles of things, 143– 144, 145; An Historical Account of a Degradation of Gold, 146; Dialogue on the Transmutation of Metals, 146– 147; on mercury, 146–147; and Philosophers’ Stone, 146–147; on transmutation, 146–147, 183; on human body, 160–161
Brahe, Tycho, 106, 189
Brass, 42
Brendel, Zacharias, 106, 144, 188
Bridges, John Henry, 23
Brunschwig, Hieronymus, 55; Book Concerning the Art of Distilling, 15
Bueno, Mar Rey, 103
Buntz, Herwig, 33
Butters, Suzanne, 59
Calcination, 43–44, 70, 72, 126, 154–155, 184
Celestial bodies/influences, 68–69, 105
Charleton, Walter, 94
Chemical mediation, 168–169, 170, 171
Chemistry: relationship to alchemy, 23– 24, 99–103, 105, 113–115, 116, 119–121, 126–127, 142, 143, 145–146, 147–148, 150–151, 180–181, 184– 185, 189; Libavius on, 100–103, 104– 107, 144, 185, 186; as academic discipline, 104–114, 115, 119, 127–128, 144, 186; definitions of, 105, 113– 114, 122, 126–127, 152; and human body, 116–117, 118; and mechanical philosophy, 117, 120–121, 122, 152– 153, 162, 163, 178–180, 184; Levi on, 186–187. See also Scientific Revolution
Christian I of Anhalt-Bernberg, 103
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 105
Claveus, Gaston, 153
Clericuzio, Antonio, 94, 140, 144, 146
Coagulation, 70, 78, 95, 96
Coçar, Llorenç, 107
Coins, 31–32, 33–34
Combustion, 43–44, 149, 154–155, 184
Comenius. See Komenský, Jan Amos
Cook, Harold, 88
Cookery, 62–64
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 8
Coral, tincture of, 65
Corpuscular theory of matter, 93, 120, 122, 125, 138, 141–142, 163, 165; Summit of Perfection on, 35–36; Greg on, 94, 98; Boyle on, 141, 144–146; Stahl on, 152–153; Newton on, 169, 170; Freind on, 173–174
Cortese, Isabella: The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese, 60–61
Court patronage, 103–104, 157
Creation, divine: and fifth essence, 11, 17–18, 20, 27; and separation, 72–73
Crisciani, Chiara, 35
Croll, Oswald: Royal Chemistry (Basilica Chymica), 103, 108–109, 111–112
Crosland, Maurice, 106–107
Crystallization, 46 Cucurbits, 15, 18
Daston, Lorraine, 151
Davisson, Guillaume, 117–118
Dear, Peter, 151
Debus, Allen, 87, 92, 121, 149, 151
Dee, John, 147
De Meun, Jean: Romance of the Rose, 32
Democritus, 122
Descartes, René: on knowledge, 119, 133– 135; on abstract ideas, 133–134; Discourse on Method, 133–134; on mathematics, 133–134, 188; and mechanical philosophy, 134, 138–139, 144, 153, 155, 159, 160, 163, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175–177; on mindmatter dualism, 134, 139, 164; on the artificial, 161
Detharding, Georg: The Assay Furnace of Chemistry, 51
Digestion, 74–75, 78, 116, 118, 139, 163
Dioscorides, 85, 86, 107
Diseases, 163; Paracelsus on, 74, 75–76, 77–78, 84; and divine creation, 84; Fernel on, 88; van Helmont on, 91, 93; acid/alkali theory of, 116–117; Glaser on, 118; Stahl on, 155–156; Hoffman on, 165
Distillation, 5, 22, 38, 54, 117, 126, 129, 183; of magisteries, 10–11; Geber on, 11–12; of fifth essence, 11–13, 15, 17–23, 64; Levi on, 12; of wine, 12, 19; of alcohol, 12–13; of herbs, 13; of minerals, 13, 15; of medicines, 13, 15, 55–57; Brunschwig on, 15; defined, 15; Rose Garden of the Philosophers on, 25, 27; of silver, 46; of mercury, 46, 64–65; and women, 62, 63, 65; Paracelsus on, 70, 72
Dobbs, Betty Jo, 168–169, 170, 185; The Foundations of Newton’s Alchemy, 169
Duchesne, Joseph, 86–89, 93
Eamon, William, 57, 58, 59, 66
Earth: as element, 25–26, 72, 85, 117, 119, 121–122, 129, 143, 145, 149, 152; Glaser on, 119, 121; Willis on, 121, 122; Becher on, 149, 152; Stahl on, 152
Eco, Umberto: The Island of the Day Before, 90
Edward III, 31
Effervescence, 116–117, 120, 124–125
Efficient causality, 23, 151–152, 165
Eirenaeus Philalethes. See Starkey, George
Elixir of life, 11–13, 21, 22–23, 25, 26, 29, 30. See also Fifth essence
Elizabetha Amalia Magdalena, Princess, 53
Eller, Johann Theodor, 183
Empiricism. See Experience; Experiments
Engelsing, Rolf, 47
Enlightenment, The, 9
Epicurus, 122
Erastus, Thomas, 85
Eucharist, the, 32–33, 82
Experience: and Scientific Revolution, 7, 60, 65–66, 99–100; vs. experiment, 59, 132–133, 160; Paracelsus on, 79, 82; Libavius on, 81–82, 104; Mayerne on, 88–89; Hoffman on, 166
Experiments, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 127, 150– 151, 154, 176; vs. experience, 59, 132–133, 160; van Helmont’s tree experiment, 93, 140, 148–149; Francis Bacon on, 131, 133, 137, 147–148, 151; and Boyle, 132–133, 137, 139, 144, 147–148; Hoffman on, 159–160; Newton on, 168, 169, 174–175; Freind on, 174–175; Lavoisier and water, 182–184
Fermentation, 116, 118, 129, 139
Fernel, Jean: Two Books Concerning the Hidden Causes of Things, 88; on vital heat, 88
Ficino, Marsilio, 68
Fifth essence, 40, 72, 87; and divine creation, 11, 17–18, 20, 27; aqua vitae, 11–13; distillation of, 11–13, 15, 17– 23, 64; alcohol as, 12–13, 18; as medicine, 13, 17–18, 21–23, 24, 40, 49– 50; of antimony, 15, 18; of metals, 15, 18; of gold, 15, 18, 50; of mercury, 15, 20, 50; John of Rupescissa on, 17–18; of wine, 19, 21; of silver, 50
Fioravanti, Leonardo, 59
Fire: as element, 25–26, 72, 85, 117, 121–122, 135, 143, 145
Florence, 58, 68
Forbes, Robert James, 13
France: artisans in, 47–48; wars of religion in, 84, 86; University of Paris, 84, 86, 87–89; Henry IV, 86, 103; University of Montpellier, 86, 107; Louis XIII, 103; Royal Garden in Paris, 117–118, 177
Franciscans, 17, 24, 33
Frankl, Victor, 69
Freind, John: Chemical Lectures, 173; on mechanical philosophy, 173–174; on attraction, 173–177; on experiments, 174–175; on God, 175–176
Fries, Lorenz, 53
Frühsorge, Gotthardt, 148
Furnaces, 15, 38, 131
Galen, 82, 85, 86, 88, 99, 107, 110, 156
Galileo Galilei, 137, 187–188; on wine, 12; The Assayer, 44
Garden of Plants, 117
Gause, Ute, 83
Geber, 11–12, 26, 36, 61, 126, 146
Geoffroy, Étienne, 173, 177–178
Germany: University of Jena, 106, 127; University of Wittenberg, 107; University of Marburg, 107–111
Gesner, Conrad, 13
Getz, Faye Marie, 24
Ghiselin, Brewster, 158
Giglioni, Guido, 161
Gilly, Carlos, 83
Glaser, Christofle, 115; Treatise Concerning Chemistry, 118–119, 121
Glauber, Johann Rudolf, 166
God, 136, 165; divine creation, 11, 17–18, 20, 27, 72–73; divine revelation, 34, 35, 81, 83, 105, 111, 134, 138, 140, 167–168, 187; Paracelsus on, 74, 82–83; as Trinity, 83, 87; Boyle on, 138– 139, 144, 147, 156, 161; divine providence, 138–139, 156, 161; Hoffman on, 159; Leibniz on, 165; Newton on, 170–172, 181; Freind on, 175–176
Goetsch, James Robert, Jr., 137
Gold, 57, 101; making of, 9, 19, 25, 32–33, 36, 39–40, 70, 119, 122, 128, 148, 150, 152; fifth essence of, 15, 18, 50; perfection of, 21, 26–27, 29, 87, 153– 154; and mercury, 26–27, 36, 180; and sulphur, 26–27, 36, 180; doubling of, 30–31; coins, 31–32, 33–34; alloys of, 31–32, 38; separation of silver from, 37, 38, 39; and aqua regia, 37, 178, 179–180; Boyle on, 146; philosophical Gold, 153–154; Boerhaave on, 180–181
Golinski, Jan, 121
Greg, Hugh: on seeds, 94–96; Curiosities in Chymistry, 94–98; on human reproduction, 95–97, 98; on imagination, 97, 98
Gregory, David, 170
Guajak wood, 73
Guinther, Johannes, 84, 85
Halleux, Robert, 32
Hammond, Mitchell, 82
Hannaway, Owen, 81, 113
Harder, Michel, 46–47
Harkness, Deborah, 147
Hartlib, Samuel, 83–84
Hartmann, Johannes, 108–112; on microcosm-macrocosm analogy, 109–110; laboratory of, 110–111; MedicalChemical Works, 112
Harvey, William, 95, 99, 163
Henrietta Maria, Queen, 63
Henry IV, 86, 103
Henry VI, 32, 33
Henry VII, 33
Herbs, 53; distillation of, 13
Hermes Trismegistus, 68–69, 79–80, 108, 126; Emerald Tablet, 27, 29, 71; Asclepius, 68; Picatrix, 68; Pimander, 68; and Newton, 168, 172
Hippocrates, 82, 84–85, 88, 110, 135–136
Hirsch, Rudolf, 47
Hoffmann, Friedrich: Physico-Chemical Observations, 115, 166; on medicine, 158, 160, 161–162; vs. Stahl, 158– 159; on mechanical philosophy, 158– 166, 171, 178; Foundations of Medicine, 159; on God, 159; on ether, 159, 160, 176; on experiments, 159–160; on human body, 160–161; on mind, 164; on diseases, 165; on experience, 166; on knowledge, 166
Homberg, Wilhelm, 125
Hooke, Robert, 132–133, 188
Humors, theory of, 74, 77, 80
Hunter, Michael, 138
Hydrochloric acid, 18
Imagination, 97, 98
Inquisition, the, 4, 91
Iron, 58
Jabir ibn Hayyan. See Geber
Jacob, Margaret, 157, 172
James, William: on reason, 2–3; on the passions, 3; on objectivity, 3–4; on reality, 65
John XXII, 32, 33
John of Rupescissa, 11, 15, 20, 21, 64; The Book of Light, 17, 18–19; on fifth essence, 17–18; Concerning the Fifth Essence, 17–18, 19
Jung, Carl: on alchemy, 67
Jüngken, Johann Helfrich, 51, 53
Kahn, Didier, 87
Kaplan, Barbara, 137
Karpenko, Vladimír, 30
Keill, John, 173
Kent, Andrew, 113
Kepler, Johannes, 188; Cosmographic Mystery, 8
Khunrath, Conrad: The Best Part of Distillation and Medicine, 55–57
King, Lester, 158, 164
Knowledge: maker’s knowledge, 6–7, 113– 114, 136–137, 153, 158, 188–189; Francis Bacon on, 66, 133, 134–135, 188; Paracelsus on, 71–72, 73, 75, 78–79, 80–81, 82, 84, 92; universal knowledge, 82, 83–84, 114–115, 128– 129; Descartes on, 119, 133–135; experimental method, 127, 131, 150– 151; Hoffman on, 166; Newton on, 167–168, 169, 188
Komenský, Jan Amos, 83
Laboratories, 110–111, 129–131, 149
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 182–184; on air, 43, 184; An Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, 182; water experiment, 182–184
Lead, 43
Le Fèvre, Nicolas, 118
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 164–165, 188
Lemery, Nicholas, 115, 127; on alchemy, 119, 122, 125, 126; A Course of Chemistry, 119–121, 158; on principles of things, 121–122; and Collection of Rare and New Curiosities, 122, 124; on acids and alkalis, 122, 126
Leonardo da Vinci, 37–39, 40, 43
Levi, Primo: on distillation, 12; The Periodic Table, 12, 186–187
Libavius, Andreas, 127, 188; Alchemy, 8–9, 10–11, 100, 102, 113; on Paracelsus, 81–82, 101–103, 109, 111, 185, 186; on experience, 81–82, 104; on Duchesne, 89; Book of Chemical Subjects, 100–103; on chemistry, 100– 103, 104–107, 144, 185, 186; on knowledge, 101–102; on magic, 104, 105; on Hartmann, 108, 111, 112; and transmutation, 128, 185
Linden, Stanton J., 27, 29
Little Book of Tricks, 57–59
London, 137; artisans in, 47; Royal Society, 146, 188
Long, Pamela, 186
Louis XIII, 103
Lowenstein, Johann Kunckel von, 148, 166
Lull, Raymond, 11, 15, 24, 49, 61, 64, 126, 127, 143; Concerning the Secrets of Nature of the Fifth Essence, 19, 20– 21; Testament, 20, 21
Magic, 69–70, 108–109, 115; Paracelsus on, 80–81, 82, 90–91, 102–103, 139; Libavius on, 104, 105
Magisteries, 10–11
Magnetism, 178
Magus, the, 69, 80–81
Malpighi, Marcello, 162, 165
Markham, Gervase, 62–63
Mathematics, 23, 133–134, 174, 187–188
Mattioli, Pietro Andrea, 85–86
Mayerne, Theodore Turquet de la, 86, 88–89
McKee, Francis, 63
Mechanical philosophy, 94, 141–142, 157–158, 169, 181, 187; and human body, 97–98, 160–163; and chemistry, 117, 120–121, 122, 152–153, 162, 163, 178–180, 184; and Descartes, 134, 138–139, 144, 153, 155, 159, 160, 163, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175–177; Boyle on, 137, 138–139, 156, 160– 161, 171; Stahl on, 155–156; and medicine, 158, 160–163; Hoffman on, 158–166, 171, 178; Freind on, 173–174, 175–176
Medici, Cosimo de,’ 68
Medici, Ferdinando de,’ 58
Medici, Francesco de,’ 58
Medicines: making of, 2, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17– 18, 21–23, 24–25, 40, 42, 49–51, 53–57, 61–62, 64–65, 72, 73, 77–79, 82, 85–86, 87, 93, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116–117, 118, 126, 128, 162, 186; magisteries as, 10–11; elixir of life, 11–13, 21, 22–23, 25, 26, 29, 30; universal medicine, 12, 40, 61, 87; fifth essences as, 13, 17–18, 21–23, 24, 40, 49–50; Book of Household Medicines, 46–47; and social classes, 54; Paracelsus on, 76, 77–79, 80–81, 84, 85–86, 162
Mercury, 18, 22, 93, 153–154; fifth essence of, 15, 20, 50; as Philosophers’ Stone, 19, 36; sulphur-mercury theory of metals, 25–27, 29, 36, 125, 169, 180; and gold, 26–27, 36, 180; as principle of things, 30, 85, 86–87, 90, 119, 121, 122, 143, 145; distillation of, 46, 64–65; Paracelsus on, 72–73, 76, 77, 80, 86–87, 90, 117, 139, 143, 145, 149; Glaser on, 119, 121; as spiritual, 119, 121, 122; as incalescent, 146–147
Metals, 2, 22–23, 25, 120, 128; assaying techniques, 8, 45; fifth essence of, 15, 18; transmutation of, 19, 21, 22–23, 25, 29, 35, 36, 39–40, 42, 70, 72, 87, 93, 114, 125, 126, 128–129, 146–147, 148, 149–150, 153–155; sulphurmercury theory of, 25–27, 29, 36, 125, 169, 180; Paracelsus on, 76, 77, 85–86, 149; Boerhaave on, 180– 181
Meurdrac, Marie: Benevolent and Easy Chemistry, in Behalf of Women, 64–65
Microcosm-macrocosm analogy, 20, 82; in Paracelsus, 75–76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 90, 139; Hartmann on, 109–110
Mind and matter, 134, 139, 155–156, 164– 165, 171
Minerals, 2, 8, 29, 35, 130; distillation of, 13, 15; sulphur-mercury theory of, 25–27; Paracelsus on, 76, 77, 85–86, 149
Mirror of Alchemy, The, 26–27
Moffett, Thomas, 85
Moritz of Hesse-Kessel, Prince, 108, 109
Müller, Ingo, 162
Multhauf, Robert, 12
Nature: inner powers of, 42–43
Newman, William, 21, 23, 35–36, 146, 147, 150–151, 168–169
Newton, Isaac, 166–173; and alchemy, 5, 166–171, 181, 189; on attraction, 161, 167–168, 170–171, 172–173, 175, 176, 178, 180, 181; Principia mathematica, 167; on prisca sapienta, 167, 169; Opticks, 167, 172; on knowledge, 167–168, 169, 188; on gravity, 167–168, 172, 180; on experiments, 168, 169, 174–175; and Hermes Trismegistus, 168, 172; on chemical mediation, 168–169, 170, 171; on corpuscular theory of matter, 169, 170; on universal spirit, 170; on God, 170–172, 181; on mass, 172
Nitre, 29, 65
Nitric acid, 15, 18, 37
Norton, Thomas: Ordinall, 34
Obrist, Barbara, 31
Occult qualities, 171, 174–177
Ogrinc, H. L., 33
Oil of vitriol. See Sulphuric acid
On Distilled Waters, 55
Opium, 111
Oxygen, 43
Pagel, Walter, 75, 78, 92
Pansa, Martin: Public and Private Apothecary, 54–55
Pansophy, 83–84
Paracelsus: and Philosophers’ Stone, 29; Concerning the Nature of Things, 70; Great Surgery, 70; on separation, 70, 72–73, 75, 76, 78; on transmutation, 70–71, 74, 128; Archidoxis, 71; on knowledge, 71–72, 73, 75, 78–79, 80– 81, 82, 84, 92; on tria prima of Sulphur, Salt, and Mercury, 72–73, 76, 77, 80, 86–87, 90, 117, 139, 143, 145, 149; Paragranum, 73; on syphilis, 73; Work beyond Wonder (Opus Paramirum), 73, 75; on diseases, 74, 75–76, 77–78, 84; on God, 74, 82–83; on inner alchemist (archeus), 74–77, 78, 156, 162, 163; microcosm-macrocosm analogy in, 75–76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 90, 139; on medicines, 76, 77–79, 80–81, 84, 85–86, 162; on minerals and metals, 76, 77, 85–86, 149; on the astral body (astra), 76–77; on fall of Adam, 77, 84; on tartar, 78; on experience, 79, 82; influence of, 79–98, 103–104, 107–108, 109, 139, 141, 142, 149, 162, 185; vs. Aristotle, 80, 81, 82; on magic, 80–81, 82, 90–91, 102–103, 139; on personal inspiration, 81, 83, 187; Libavius on, 81–82, 101–103, 109, 111, 185, 186; on antimony, 85; and weapon salve, 90–91, 93; and secrets, 93, 101, 102, 103, 111, 186; on the Alkahest, 93, 140; on imagination in pregnant women, 97; and Boyle, 139–140, 143, 145; Hoffman on, 166
Paré, Ambroise: On Monsters and Marvels, 97
Patai, Raphael, 60
Patterson, T. S., 112, 113
Paul III, 39
Pelican (instrument), 15, 183
Pereira, Michela, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27
Pérez, Maria Esther, 103
Peter of Spain: Marvellous Treatise on Waters, 12–13
Pharmacy for the Common Man, A, 55
Philip II, 103
Philosophers’ Stone, 10, 21, 24, 25, 29–30, 33, 40, 87, 114, 128–129, 186; mercury as, 19, 36; and vitriol, 29; and spiritual preparation of alchemist, 67; and Boyle, 146–147
Phlegm, 119
Phlogiston, 44, 149, 155
Phosphorus, 148
Picasso, Pablo, 158
Planets, 68–69
Plat, Sir Hugh: Delightes for Ladies, 62; The Jewell House of Art and Nature, 62
Plato, 29, 75, 82, 85
Popp, Johann: Chemical Medicine, 49–50, 51
Porcelain, hard-paste, 148
Powers, John, 120, 122
Pregnancy, 96–97, 156
Principe, Lawrence, 125, 137, 145–146, 147, 167
Procedures and processes, 10, 18, 42–43, 70, 105–106, 113–114, 118, 158, 188; practices of artisans, 6, 40, 42, 46, 55, 66, 70, 102, 114, 189; assaying techniques, 8, 45; at Barchusen’s laboratory, 129–131. See also Calcination; Distillation; Transmutation
Proper Use of Alchemy, The, 57–58
Protestantism, 82–83
Providence, divine, 138–139, 156, 161
Publishing, 46–49; books of secrets, 48, 57–65; vernacular medical literature, 48–51, 53–57
Pumfrey, Steven, 80, 81
Putrefaction, 70, 74, 129
Queen’s Closet Opened, The, 63
Quercetanus. See Duchesne, Joseph
Reason, 25, 81–82, 133–136, 184; James on, 2–3; vs. superstition, 5–6; Boyle on, 138
Refluxing, 183
Reproduction, human, 95–97, 98
Reti, Ladislao, 38, 39
Retorts, 15
Revelation, divine, 34, 35, 105, 134, 140, 167–168; and Paracelsus, 81, 83, 187
Rhazes, 26
Ribit, Jean, 86
Riolan, Jean, 88
Ripley, George: Book of the Twelve Gates, 34
Rolfinck, Werner, 106
Rose Garden of the Philosophers, 24–25, 27
Rothschuh, K. E., 164
Rous, John le, 31
Ruscelli, Girolamo: New Secrets, 59
Ryff, Walther Hermann: The Little Book of Medical Practice, 54
Salernus, 12
Salt, 46; sea salt, 65; Paracelsus on, 72–73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 86–87, 90, 117, 139, 143, 145, 149; as principle of things, 85, 86–87, 90, 119, 121, 122, 129, 143, 145; Glaser on, 119, 121; Willis on, 121, 122
Saltpeter, 38, 39, 46
Sarton, George, 23
Scarry, Elaine, 184
Schaffer, Simon, 137
Scientific Revolution, 13, 19, 29, 115, 121, 134; alchemy compared to science, 1–2, 4–6, 9, 34–36, 42, 69–70, 72, 99–103, 127, 137, 143, 145–146, 147– 148, 150–151, 157–158, 184–189; reinterpretation of experience during, 7, 60, 65–66, 99–100; court patronage during, 103–104, 157; mathematics during, 133–134, 187–188; and Newton, 166, 169, 172, 181; and the book of nature, 187–188. See also Boyle, Robert; Chemistry; Newton, Isaac
Secret of Secrets, The, 59
Secrets, 107, 113, 124, 128, 148; books of secrets, 48, 57–65; and Paracelsus, 93, 101, 102, 103, 111, 186
Sénac, Jean Baptiste, 178, 179
Sendivogius, Michael, 29–30
Sennert, Daniel, 107
Severinus, Peter, 89, 95; Idea of Medicine, 84–85
Shackelford, Jole, 189
Shapin, Steven, 137
Shaw, Peter, 150, 152
Sherley, Thomas, 142
Silver: making of, 9, 32, 70; perfection of, 21, 29, 87; and mercury, 26–27; coins, 31–32, 33–34; separation from gold, 37, 38, 39; distillation of, 46; fifth essence of, 50
Sincere and Lovely Description of the Art of Writing, A, 48
Smith, Pamela, 148
Solvents, 178–179
Spain: Philip II, 103; University of Valencia, 107
Stahl, Georg Ernst, 150–153; on phlogiston, 44, 155; Foundations of Dogmatic and Experimental Chemistry, 115; on universal acid, 125; Philosophical Principles of Universal Chemistry, 150; on God, 151; and Becher, 152, 153, 154, 155; on transmutation, 153–155; on mechanical philosophy, 155–156; on animism, 155–156, 178; vs. Hoffman, 158–159
Starkey, George, 140, 147, 168–169
Steel, 58
Strasser, Gerhard, 148
Sublimation, 5, 70, 72
Sulphur, 65; sulphur-mercury theory of metals, 25–27, 29, 36, 125, 169, 180; and gold, 26–27, 36, 180; Paracelsus on, 72–73, 76, 77, 80, 86–87, 90, 117, 139, 143, 145, 149; as principle of things, 85, 86–87, 90, 119, 121, 122, 143, 145; Glaser on, 119, 121; as oily, 119, 121; Willis on, 121, 122
Sulphuric acid, 15
Summit of Perfection, 35–36
Sylvius, Franciscus de le Boë, 116–117, 120
Sympathetic attractions, 90, 109
Tachenius, Otto, 117, 120; Hippocrates the Chemist, 135–136
Tartar, Paracelsus on, 78
Telle, Joachim, 25, 27, 55
Thickening by evaporation, 129
Thrithemius of Sponheim, 71
Tosi, Lucia, 65
Transmutation, 10, 25–26, 133, 170; of metals, 19, 21, 22–23, 25, 29, 35, 36, 39–40, 42, 70, 72, 87, 93, 114, 125, 126, 128–129, 146–147, 148, 149– 150, 153–155; vs. transubstantiation, 32–33; Paracelsus on, 70–71, 74, 128; of food, 74; Duchesne on, 87; and Libavius, 128, 185; Boyle on, 146–147, 183; Stahl on, 153–155
Trinity, the, 83, 87
Tschirnhaus, Count Ehrenfried Walther von, 148
Ulmannus, 33
Universities. See Academics Urine, 129, 130
Valentine, Basil, 166
Van Helmont, Franciscus Mercurius, 91
Van Helmont, Jean Baptiste, 36, 89–94, 115, 163, 184; on sympathetic attractions, 90–91; on diseases, 91, 93; The Origin of Medicine, 91, 93; on water as principle of things, 91, 94–95, 140–141, 142, 148–149; on smoke/ gas, 91–92; on spiritual seeds (semina), 91–92, 94–95, 96, 141–142, 156, 162; on blas, 92, 93; on air, 92– 93; on knowledge, 92–93; on the Alkahest, 93, 140; tree experiment of, 93, 140, 148–149; on acids and alkalis, 116, 117, 120; on fermentation, 116, 139; and Boyle, 139–141, 147; influence of, 139–142, 147, 162, 183
Vasari, Georgio, 38
Verrocchio, Andrea del, 37–38
Vesalius, Andreas, 84
Vico, Giambattista, 136
Vincelli, Dom Bernardo, 13
Vital heat, 88
Vitalism, 29, 91–92, 93–94, 98, 155–156, 158, 165–166, 174, 178, 181 Vitriol, 29, 38, 46, 65, 153–154
Water: as element/principle of things, 25–6, 72, 85, 91, 94–95, 117, 121–122, 129, 135, 140–141, 142, 143, 145, 148–149, 152; van Helmont on, 91, 94–95, 140–141, 142, 148–149; Greg on, 94; Glaser on, 119, 121; Willis on, 121, 122; Becher on, 148–149, 152; Stahl on, 152; and Lavoisier, 182–183
Weapon salve, 90–91, 93
Webster, John: Metallographia, 141–142
Westfall, Richard, 167
William of Dalby, 31
Willis, Thomas, 121–122
Wine: distillation of, 12, 19; fifth essence of, 19, 21
Wine vinegar, 18
Wojcik, Jan, 138
Women, 53, 60–65; and distillation, 62, 63, 65; during pregnancy, 96–97, 156
Yates, Frances, 68 Young, John, 84
Zodiacal signs, 68–69
Zwinger, Theodore, 85
